segunda-feira, dezembro 29, 2008

LITERATURA JUDAICA


Após a queda de Jerusalém e o incêndio do Templo pelos soldados de Tito (70d.C.), os judeus reorganizaram a sua fé.
Paralelamente aos livros bíblicos, o judaísmo possui uma coleção de tradições e leis que circulava oralmente, que foi se fixando, tornando-se a lei oral. O estudo e o aprofundamento neste tema, nos conduzirá a compreensão da função social das Escrituras.
Halakhah: São decisões das autoridades rabínicas em relação ao comportamneto.

É normativa.
A Halakhah processou em dois campos o Midrash e a Mishnáh .
Midrash temos a explicação das Escrituras.
Mishnáh é a coletânea seletiva de leis e decisões das Halakhot.

Uma compilação sistemática foi empreendida pelo Rabi Aquiba, continuada por seus discípulos.
A primeira revisão foi empreendida por Rabi Meir.
A Mishnáh divide-se em seis seções denominadas Sedarins .
As omissões estão conservadas nas Baraytôt.
Guemaráh: Debates da Mishnáh feitos nas Academias da Palestina e Babilônia. Acrescida das Baraytôt.

Houve duas Guemarah: Palestina e Babilônica, reunidas ao texto da Mishnáh com partes das Baraytôt, deram os Talmudes.
Talmude de Jerusalém iniciado em Cesaréia pelo ano 350 e terminado pelos fins do século IV.
Talmude Babilônico foi composto na Academia de Sura no século V.

Não abrange toda Mishnáh. Pela sua extensão e autoridade suplantou o Talmude de Jerusalém.
As coleções suplementares à Mishnáh e ao Talmude, além da Tosseftá e das Baraítas são as Mekhiltás, o Sifrá, os Sifrei, as Responsas, as Novelas e as Tossafôt.

Os Suplementos à Mishnáh e à Guemará são os seguintes:

Suplementos à Mishnáh (Mishnáh não-canõnica)
1.Tosseftá (“Adição”) à Mishnáh
2. Baraítas (“por fora”) da Mishnáh
2.1. Baraíta de Nidá
2.2. Baraíta das 32 Regras
2.3. Baraíta de Sôd Há-Ibur
2.4. Baraíta do Rabi Ismael
2.5. Baraíta do Rabi Eliezer
2.6. Baraíta sobre a Construção do Tabernáculo
2.7. Baraíta do Rabi Ada
2.8. Baraíta sobre Avôt
2.9. Baraíta do Rabi Eleiezer Ben-Iôssi
3. Meguilat Taanit (Rolo dos Jejuns)

Suplementos à Guemará
1.Mekhiltá (“Normas” “Medidas”) sobre Shemôt
2. Mekhiltá de Shimon Bar Iohai
3. Sifrá (“Livro”) sobre Vayicrá
4. Sifrei (“Livros”) sobre Bamidbar e Devarim
5. Sifrei Zutá (“Livros Menores”)
6. Novelas
7. Tossafôt (“Suplementos”) dos Tossafitas.



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